甘氨酸
化学
氨基乙酸;Aminoethanoic acid
功能与应
常用于冻干制剂中,作为蛋白类的冻干支架剂,能得到稳定、疏松的冻干制剂。由于有良好的润湿性,可在速释制剂中作为崩解剂。
还可作为ph调节剂,缓冲剂,填充剂,矫味剂,助溶剂,稳定剂等。[1,2]
[1]Raymond C. Rowe, Paul J. Sheskey, Marian E. Quinn.
Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Edition). Pharmaceutical
Press, 2009.
[2] 日本医薬品添加剤协会.医药品添加物事典[M].东京:薬事日報社,2007.
给药途径
口服,静脉注射、肌肉注射和皮下注射,直肠给药、吸入等。[1,2]
[1]Raymond C. Rowe, Paul J. Sheskey, Marian E. Quinn. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Edition). Pharmaceutical Press, 2009.
[2]FDA. Inactive Ingredient Search for Approved Drug Products[EB/OL].(2010-10-22)[2010-12-23]. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/getiigWEB.cfm
稳定性和贮藏条件
甘氨酸在温度超过233℃后开始分解。[1]应保存在密闭容器中。[2]
[1]Raymond C. Rowe, Paul J. Sheskey, Marian E. Quinn. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Edition). Pharmaceutical Press, 2009.
[2] 日本医薬品添加剤协会.医药品添加物事典[M].东京:薬事日報社,2007.
安全
甘氨酸静脉注射有一定的毒性。经消化道吸收有轻微毒性,导致体液和电解质紊乱,心血管和肺功能异常。
LD50 (小鼠, IP): 4.45 g/kg;
LD50 (小鼠, IV): 2.37 g/kg;
LD50 (小鼠, oral): 4.92 g/kg;
LD50 (小鼠, SC): 5.06 g/kg;
LD50 (大鼠, IV): 2.6 g/kg;
LD50 (大鼠, oral): 7.93 g/kg;
LD50 (大鼠, SC): 5.2 g/kg[1]。
[1]Raymond C. Rowe, Paul J. Sheskey, Marian E. Quinn. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Edition). Pharmaceutical Press, 2009.
配伍禁忌
与氨基酸可发生梅拉德反应( Maillard Reaction),变为黄色或褐色。还原糖也可与伯胺基反应,生成亚胺。[1]
[1]Raymond C. Rowe, Paul J. Sheskey, Marian E. Quinn. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Edition). Pharmaceutical Press, 2009.
常用量及最用量
上市制剂中的最大用量:口服800mg,静脉2250mg,肌肉注射2700mg,皮下注射160mg,皮内注射67.5mg,其它注射67.5mg,一般外用20mg/g,直肠和尿道给药300mg。[1]
[1] 日本医薬品添加剤协会.医药品添加物事典[M].东京:薬事日報社,2007.
来源与制
常采用化学合成的手段,采用氯乙酸胺化和氨基乙腈水解等方法制备。[1]
[1]Raymond C. Rowe, Paul J. Sheskey, Marian E. Quinn. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Edition). Pharmaceutical Press, 2009.
管理情况
GRAS收录。欧洲批准用于食品添加剂。FDA批准用于口服、静脉注射、肌肉注射和皮下注射,直肠给药。英国批准用于注射用溶液、粉末和植入等非胃肠道给药途径,以及口服溶液、片剂、吸入粉末等。[1,2]
[1]Raymond C. Rowe, Paul J. Sheskey, Marian E. Quinn. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Edition). Pharmaceutical Press, 2009.
[2]FDA. Inactive Ingredient Search for Approved Drug Products[EB/OL].(2010-10-22)[2010-12-23]. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/getiigWEB.cfm